China's rapid economic rise and its burgeoning prosperity can be attributed in many ways to reforms made in the 1980s to liberalize various aspects of its economy. Another important initiative during the period was the establishment of the State Key Laboratory Scheme in 1984. Its premise is to enable the country's most accomplished scientists and scholars to conduct pioneering research to further support China's technological and economic development. With the approval of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, CUHK has established the following four state key laboratories.
Located at the Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer of the Prince of Wales Hospital, the State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China (CUHK) is built on several solid foundations. One is CUHK's long-established partnership with Sun Yat-sen University in cancer research and the backing of a strong clinical base and support of the Hospital Authority and the then Health and Food Bureau of the Hong Kong SAR Government. With its strong connections to the mainland, the State Key Lab (SKL) is in a good position to extend its scientific achievements to benefit the wider Chinese community and anchor its role in spearheading international collaborations in medical research as well as promoting scientific development of the nation.
Another foundation is the long tradition of cancer research and care in the local community. CUHK's Hong Kong Cancer Institute was established in 1990 to focus activities related to cancer and its problems, and its Comprehensive Cancer Trials Unit (CCTU) was the first in Hong Kong to be approved by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the US to conduct new NCI drug clinical studies. The SKL has entered into collaborations with over 20 top cancer trial centres in the world, including MD Anderson, Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Oxford University, Fudan University and Peking University.
The investigators of the SKL are a multidisciplinary group of clinical and basic cancer researchers within CUHK and Sun Yat-sen University, who have conducted intensive research investigating the molecular genetics, signalling pathways, clinical diagnostics and novel therapeutic developments of cancers common to our region, in particular nasopharyngeal cancer, liver cancer and gastric cancer.

The State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology was established essentially in response to the overriding issue of food supply: how to increase agricultural output and safeguard food security and nutrition in a country of a billion-plus people. The laboratory builds on the relationship between CUHK and China Agricultural University (CAU), both leaders in agrobiotechnology, and the two universities will work together on the development of molecular biotechnology and its practical applications in terms of the increase of rice yields and the improvement of the nutritive value of rice and other crops.

In November 2009, approval was given by the Ministry of Science and Technology to establish the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China (The Chinese University of Hong Kong). The aim of the State Key Laboratory is to conduct research into the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine and the application of biotechnology in medical science. The Laboratory will draw on the expertise in research into Chinese medicinal plants developed both at CUHK and in the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Yunnan province. The Laboratory's researchers hope to win wider international acceptance for traditional Chinese medicinal remedies, by providing scientific proof of their efficacy and safety, and to explore how such remedies can be more widely applied for medicinal plants. Their research will focus on the photochemistry and sustainability of plant resources in west China, particularly in the areas of cancer, cardiovascular health, health supplements, authentication and DNA barcoding, and viral infection.

The State Key Laboratory (SKL) on Synthetic Chemistry, established in partnership with the University of Hong Kong and the State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry located in the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences aims to create and identify novel chemical compounds with important structural and bonding features or with notable potential for practical applications. The SKL also plans to develop new environmentally-friendly methods for synthesizing useful chemical compounds.